The Scholar Islamic Academic Research Journal

ENGLIHS: METHODOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN SUFISM FROM THE EARLY MASTERS TO THE MODERN INNOVATORS: THE POETIC PHILOSOPHY OF ABU AL-HASAN AL-SHUSHTARI AS AN EXEMPLAR

2025-08-25T10:45:02+00:00

This article explores the methodological transformations within Sufism from its early foundations to later innovative phases, using the poetic philosophy of Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari as a representative example. The study outlines historical developments, clarifies linguistic and terminological origins, and identifies the key figures and core themes of early and modern Sufism. Employing a descriptive and historical-analytical approach, it distinguishes between classical Sufism, characterized by strict adherence to Islamic doctrine and ethical discipline, and later forms that incorporated symbolic language and controversial metaphors, often leading to doctrinal debates and criticisms from orthodox scholars. Specifically, the poetry of al-Shushtari is critically analyzed to illustrate how certain symbolic and metaphorical expressions, although artistically influential, have sparked theological controversy due to their potential deviation from established doctrinal and ethical boundaries. The article underscores the necessity of maintaining a careful balance between appreciating the literary contributions of Sufi poets and adhering strictly to Islamic doctrinal principles. Finally, it recommends further scholarly research grounded in methodological rigor and doctrinal clarity, supported by a comprehensive bibliography.

ENGLISH-ISLAMIC RESPONSES TO ATHEISM: RATIONAL ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

2025-08-29T11:02:41+00:00

This study explores the Islamic reaction to atheism by outlining Muslim scholars and philosophers’ theistic rational techniques to atheism. This is done through the lens of the modern contemporary context of atheism and its prominent supporters, as well as the intellectual onslaught against religion in the modern world. It showcases the Islamic tradition of the integration of rational thought (‘aql) and revelation (naql), aligning the two as pillars of faith in Islamic scholarly tradition. This systematically examines the core rational arguments of Islamic theology, including: the fitrah (innate disposition), cosmological, teleological (design), moral, and ontological (necessity) arguments. Each argument is discussed with Qur’anic verses, Hadith literature, classical and contemporary thought, and relevant philosophy. Moreover, criticisms from the arguments, including Islamic counter rebuttals, materialism, scientific naturalism, and philosophical skepticism, are examined with the Islamic theological responses. In addition to English, the study presents respondents from Islamic populations, which analyzed Islamic approaches in the context of other Abrahamic religions within Islamic discourse with responses to atheism from Christianity and Judaism. Focus is given to the Islam tradition’s atheistic importance in blending faith and logic, the blend of rational thought and divine revelation, and its pure form of monotheism, tawhid. The paper showcases Islam’s approach to atheistic rationalism as sophisticated, historically sensitive, and well-engaged with modern critique. In articulating such arguments, Islamic scholars reinforce that belief in God does not stem from a haphazard, uninformed conviction, but rather, a rational, intellectually sound, and well-reasoned belief answering existence’s most profound inquiries. The study provides a concluding section presenting prospective research in philosophy and science, alongside the interaction with modern philosophy and the examination of classical interlaced.

ENGLISH- THE PRECISION OF DIVINE PROPORTIONS IN MEASUREMENTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES: EXPLORING THE HOLY QURAN (A Study to Reveal Quranic Aspects of Measurements of Material Resources & Comparison with Modern Sciences)

2025-09-21T11:52:11+00:00

Measurements serve as the cornerstone of modern society, essential for scientific progress, informed decision-making, and sustainable environmental practices. The Quran, in alignment with these principles, emphasizes the ethical and spiritual significance of accurate measurements. It encourages integrity and fairness in trade, underlining the importance of honest transactions and just weights. Furthermore, it symbolizes the concept of balance and accountability, urging individuals to reflect on their deeds and intentions with sincerity and mindfulness. Metaphorically, The Quran portrays precise measurements as a testament to the divine order and harmony in the universe, inviting believers to contemplate the intricacies of creation and the wisdom embedded within. By intertwining the practical and spiritual dimensions, The Quranic teachings on measurements illuminate the path towards equitable, transparent, and morally conscious conduct, fostering a holistic understanding of the interconnectedness between scientific advancements and ethical values.

ENGLISH-ENVIRONMENTAL TEACHINGS IN HADITH: AN ECO-THEOLOGICAL APPROACH

2025-09-23T11:55:34+00:00

This paper discusses the eco-teaching of Islam based on the sources of Islam known as the Hadith, with the focus on the eco-theological teachings of the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Through the analysis of major Hadiths, the article summarizes Islamic environmental ethics, with emphasis on the ideas of Tawheed (Oneness of God), Khalifah (stewardship), and Mizan (balance) that are the components of an eco-theological model. The article points to the teachings of the Prophet on the conservation of water, planting of trees, minimization of waste, and ethical treatment of animals, which provide a viable approach to the sustainable way of life. Its applicability to modern environmental problems, e.g. climate change and pollution, are addressed, and the role of incorporating the Islamic principles into the modern environmental policies is emphasised. The article ends by considering the possibility of Muslims to help in sustainability initiatives of the world, advance a vision of mercy, balance and responsibility to the creation, as was the case of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

ENGLISH-THE MIGRATION (HIJRAH) OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH): ITS POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

2025-09-24T12:00:23+00:00

This paper reviews the foreign policy of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) towards the two leading powers of the 7th century- the Byzantine and the Sassanian (Persian) Empires. Placing the Prophet and his diplomatic overture into the context of late antiquity geopolitics, the paper examines the integration of spiritual universalism with political pragmatism in his methods. The article examines the text, message and the reception of the letters of the Prophet to Emperor Heraclius and Shah Khosrow II, based on primary Islamic sources (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Ibn Isaq Sirat Rasul Allah and Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk by al-Tabari), and modern scholarship. The results show some dramatic differences: Byzantium reacted with reserved interest, acknowledging the indicators of prophethood but avoiding political affiliation, and Persia arrogantly refused to accept the message, which is symbolized by the tearing of the letter with the Prophet by Khosrow. The effects of these opposite reactions were far-reaching: Byzantium continued to be a long-term interlocutor - sometimes hostile, sometimes friendly - whereas Persia immediately disintegrated due to the internal instability and the external Islamic invasion, which corresponded to the prophecy of the Prophet who predicted its demise. The article claims that diplomacy of the Prophet was a manifestation of patience, prospect and compliance with Quranic policies of wisdom and invitation through peace. In addition to direct political effects, such endeavours provided a pattern of an Islamic statecraft that was subsequently used in the Umayyad and Abbasid empires. To sum up, the paper emphasizes the historical importance of prophetic diplomacy in the global rise of Islam, as well as its topicality in today's world in the form of a respectful dialogue within the framework of the modern political power game.